Tenants and databases

This page covers provisioning the two structural objects every deployment starts with: tenants and their databases (tenant-dbs). Pools are layered on top of a database; see the "Pools and cohorts" page. For how these objects relate to access control, see the Access control model.

The object hierarchy

tenant  ──owns──▶  tenant-db (a database)  ──hosts──▶  pool  ──contains──▶  nodes

• A tenant is an isolation boundary. It owns one or more databases and selects the auth provider for its users.
• A tenant-db is a database. In the default ducklake kind it is a Postgres database on the shared server, holding a DuckLake catalog with a catalog name and a default schema.
• A pool is bound to exactly one tenant-db and is what clients connect to.

Provision them in that order: tenant first, then a database under it, then a pool under the database.

Authenticating with the CLI

Every /api/* call needs a credential. The examples below use the qod CLI; they assume qod login has stored a session, or QOD_API_KEY is set for CI scripts. These endpoints are mounted only in postgres state-storage mode (the default).

Tenants

Create a tenant

qod tenant create acme

--auth-provider defaults to db (database-backed bcrypt users). To point a tenant's users at an OIDC provider instead, set --auth-provider to one of keycloak / google / azure / aws and supply the provider config with repeatable --auth-config KEY=VALUE:

qod tenant create acme --auth-provider keycloak \
  --auth-config issuer=https://kc.example.com/realms/acme --auth-config realm=acme

authConfig is empty for db. For OIDC providers it expects issuer (full URL) plus one of realm (Keycloak), hd (Google Workspace domain), tenantId (Azure), or userPoolId (Cognito).

For Google, two optional extra keys give the tenant its own OAuth client instead of sharing the manager-wide one from quack-flightsql.auth.google.*:

• clientId - the tenant's Google OAuth client ID.
• clientSecretRef - a reference to the secret (e.g. env:GOOGLE_CS_ACME), never the literal value. Today only env:NAME is supported.

Both must be set together; leaving either blank falls back to the global client. See Authentication providers for the per-provider details.

List, disable, change auth, delete

# List every tenant (with its pools and auth provider)
qod tenant list

# Disable a tenant: the edge rejects fresh handshakes for all its pools
qod tenant set-disabled acme --disabled

# Switch the auth provider after creation
qod tenant set-auth acme --auth-provider db

# Delete a tenant (remove its pools first, else 409 has_pools)
qod tenant delete acme

Databases (tenant-dbs)

A database is created under an existing tenant. The name you pass is a suffix; the manager composes the real Postgres database name as ${tenant}_${suffix} and provisions that database on the shared server. For example, tenant=acme, name=sales yields the database acme_sales.

Create a database

qod database create --tenant acme --name sales --kind ducklake \
  --data-path /app/ducklake/acme_sales --default-schema mart

Field	Meaning
tenant	Owning tenant (must exist).
name	Database suffix; the full name becomes ${tenant}_${name}.
kind	ducklake (DuckLake catalog backed by Postgres, the default), duckdb-file (a standalone .duckdb file), or memory (no persistent catalog; useful for federation-only databases).
dataPath	Where DuckLake writes Parquet. A filesystem path, or an s3:// / az:// / abfss:// URI for object storage. Required on create for kind=ducklake unless managedStorage is used.
metastore	Optional per-database overrides of the Postgres connection (pgHost, pgPort, pgUser, pgPassword, dbName, schemaName). Empty inherits the global defaults.
objectStore	Optional per-database object-store credentials when dataPath is an object-store URI. Takes effect at node spawn as a path-scoped DuckDB secret; see below.
defaultDatabase / defaultSchema	The catalog and schema unqualified table names resolve against for sessions on this database. defaultSchema must differ from the database name to avoid ambiguous two-part identifiers in DuckDB.

Per-database object-store credentials

objectStore authenticates this database's own bucket, separately from the manager-wide QOD_S3_* / QOD_AZURE_* / QOD_GCS_* defaults. Setting it (via qod database create --object-store KEY=VALUE / --object-store on update, or the object-store fields in the admin UI's database edit form) authors a CREATE SECRET scoped to that database's dataPath, so this database's bucket authenticates with its own keys while every other database keeps using the global default secret (DuckDB resolves the most specific scope per path). Leaving objectStore empty falls back to the global env credentials, unchanged - this is the back-compat path for every deployment that only ever used one set of keys.

Provider-specific keys, matched by the dataPath scheme:

Provider	dataPath scheme	Keys
S3 / R2	s3://, s3a://, r2://	s3_region, s3_access_key_id, s3_secret_access_key, s3_endpoint, s3_url_style
GCS (HMAC)	gs://	gcs_hmac_key_id, gcs_hmac_secret
Azure	az://, azure://, abfss://	azure_account, azure_account_key

The credentials never appear inlined in a pod spec: on Kubernetes the manager writes them into a per-node Secret (qod-store-${nodeId}) and injects it via env.valueFrom.secretKeyRef, mirroring the per-pod token and federation secrets; kubectl describe pod shows the ref, never the values. On the local backend they ride the node's process environment, same as the other spawn-time SQL blocks. GET/list responses redact the secret-valued keys (s3_secret_access_key, azure_account_key, gcs_hmac_secret, alongside pgPassword).

This per-db secret is authored only for kind=ducklake databases (both spawn scripts install it right before the DuckLake ATTACH). A duckdb-file database does not get a per-db object-store secret even when its dataPath is a remote URI - that spawn arm does not install httpfs/azure at all today, so a remote duckdb-file dataPath is not a supported combination yet, independent of this feature.

Editing objectStore (create or update) restarts the database's nodes so the new secret takes effect immediately; edits do not rotate a secret on an already-running node without a respawn. For object storage on S3-compatible backends and the manager-wide QOD_S3_* keys, see the Docker deployment page and the Configuration reference.

Managed object storage

The alternative to bringing your own bucket: with quack-on-demand.managedObjectStore enabled, qod database create --managed-storage (or managedStorage: true, or the storage mode "Managed (QoD-provisioned)" in the admin UI) lets the manager carve this database's dataPath out of one operator root bucket and fill its objectStore for you. managedStorage is exclusive with dataPath and objectStore, requires kind=ducklake, and is refused while the config block is off. Deleting such a database tombstones its prefix and a background worker purges the objects after a retention window. See Managed object storage.

List and delete

# List the databases under a tenant
qod database list --tenant acme

# Delete a database (remove its pools first, else 409 has_pools)
qod database delete --tenant acme --name sales

Deleting a database removes the qodstate_tenant_db row. The underlying Postgres database and any object-store Parquet are not erased by the API; reclaim them separately if you no longer need the data. The exception is a database on managed object storage, whose data QoD does reclaim: delete tombstones the prefix and a background worker purges the objects once the retention window elapses, or right away with --purge-managed-data.

Next step

With a tenant and a database in place, create a pool of nodes against that database so clients can connect and query. See the "Pools and cohorts" page.